During the 4-semester Master's degree studies, our students obtain more and more freedom to choose from a great number of different subjects.
Experimental setup for high harmonics generation.
Image: Jan-Peter Kasper (University of Jena)
Study program
The M.Sc. Photonics course schedule commences its first semester with a compulsory adjustment module of fundamental lectures. The longer students follow the program, the larger their freedom to choose from a great number of different subjects from the catalogue of the M.Sc. Photonics study program (download the full PDF version here).pdf, 133 kb Likewise, students are encouraged to make use of our research-grade laboratories to further their growing experience and knowledge of photonics, and to inspire independent thinking and creativity in our young scientists.
1ST SEMESTER, ON-CAMPUS OR ONLINE: Fundamentals and Adjustment (30 credits)
Blackboard studies in theoretical optics.
Image: Christoph Worsch (University of Jena)
Fundamentals (2 courses of 4 ECs each = 8 credits)
Optical Metrology and Sensing (4 credits)
Content
Basic principles
Wave optical fundamentals
Sensors
Two- and multi-beam interferometry
Wave front analysis
Methods of phase measurement
White-light interferometry
Phase conjugation and retrieval
Holography and holographic interferometry
Fringe projection
Triangulation
Speckle methods and OCT
Metrology of aspheres and freeform surfaces
Confocal methods
Introduction to Optical Modeling (4 credits)
Content
Concepts of ray tracing; Modeling and design of lens systems; Image formation; Physical properties of lenses and lens materials in optical design; Image aberrations and methods to avoid them; Vectorial harmonic fields; Plane waves; Fourier transformation and spectrum of plane waves representation; Concepts of field tracing; Propagation techniques through homogeneous and isotropic media; Numerical properties of propagation techniques.
Intended Learning Outcomes
The course enables students to solve problems related to the modeling and design of optical elements and systems. In the first part of the lecture we focus on ray-tracing techniques and its application through image formation. Then we combine the concepts with physical optics and obtain field tracing. It enables the propagation of vectorial harmonic fields through optical systems. In practical exercises the students will get an introduction to the use of commercial optics modeling and design software.
Adjustment (2 courses of 8 ECs each = 16 credits)
Fundamentals of Modern Optics (8 credits)
Content
Basic concepts of wave optics
Dielectric function to describe light-matter interaction
Propagation of beams and pulses
Diffraction theory
Elements of Fourier optics
Polarization of light
Light in structured media
Optics in crystals
Intended Learning Outcomes
The course covers the fundamentals of modern optics which are necessary for the understanding of optical phenomena in modern science and technology. The students will acquire a thorough knowledge of the most important concepts of modern optics. At the same time, the importance and beauty of optics in nature and in technology will be taught. This will enable students to follow more specialized courses in photonics.
Structure of Matter (8 credits)
Content
Classical interaction of light with matter
Basic knowledge on quantum mechanics
Einstein coefficients and Plancks formula
Selection rules
Hydrogen atom and helium atom
Introduction to molecular spectroscopy
Dielectric function and linear optical constants
Kramers-Kronig-Relations
Linear optical properties of crystalline and amorphous solids
Basic nonlinear optical effects
Advanced Quantum Theory (8 credits)
This course is only available to students who have already sufficiently covered either of the two courses above or equivalent during their previous studies. If you are an admitted or enrolled student at ASP, please discuss this option with your study coordinator before the start of the lecture period of the first semester (mid October).
Theoretical Solid State Physics (8 credits)
This course is only available to students who have already sufficiently covered either of the two courses above or equivalent during their previous studies. If you are an admitted or enrolled student at ASP, please discuss this option with your study coordinator before the start of the lecture period of the first semester (mid October).
Research Module
Experimental Optics (6 credits)
Content
Refraction
Optical lenses
Interferometry
Laser fundamentals
Spectroscopy
Optical tweezers
Adaptive optics
Intended Learning Outcomes
Introduction to experimental techniques in optics; planning and preparation of a scientific measuring task; carrying out scientific labwork in optics together with a research team; preparation of a scientific report.
2ND SEMESTER, ON-CAMPUS OR ONLINE: Fundamentals and specialization I
Robert Klas in the fiber optics laser lab.
Image: Jan-Peter Kasper (University of Jena)
Fundamentals (8 credits)
Laser Physics (8 credits)
Content
Introduction to laser physics (stimulated emission, atomic rate equations, laser pumping and population inversion)
Optical beams and laser resonators
Laser dynamics
Q-switching
Mode locking
Wavelength tuning and single frequency operation
Laser systems
Selected industrial and scientific applications
Intended Learning Outcomes
This course provides an introduction to the basic ideas of laser physics. The first part presents the fundamental equations and concepts of laser theory, while the second part is devoted to a detailed discussion of selected laser applications. The students are introduced to the different types of lasers including classical gas or ruby lasers as well as modern high-power diode pumped solid-state concepts and their applications.
Specialization I (3 courses of 4 credits each = 12 credits)
Accelerator-based Modern Physics (Stöhlker)
Content
Basic concepts of particle accelerators
Application of accelerators in basic science and medicine
Landmark experiments
Intended Learning Outcomes
Gaining an overview of the various applications of particle accelerators, in particular for basic science; ability to solve exercise; prepare a presentation.
Molecular spectroscopy: absorption, emission, spectroscopy, microspectroscopy, and basics of magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Hardware of spectrometers/microscopes: light sources, detectors, optics, and material point of view
Current applications and relevance in material and life sciences
Intended learning outcomes
In this course, students will learn about analytical methods to investigate structure and composition of matter. Basic principles of atomic and molecular structure will be refreshed towards better understanding of experimental analysis techniques such as spectrophotometry, ellipsometry, fluorescence, infrared, Raman, spectroscopy and microscopy. The course will focus on technologicalaspects of the experimental setup in analytical instrumentations and modern applications of analytical instrumentations in material and life sciences will be discussed.
Atomic Physics at High Field Strenghts (Stöhlker)
Content
Strong field effects on the atomic structure
Relativistic and QED effects on the structure of heavy ions
X-ray spectroscopy of high-Z ions
Application in x-ray astronomy
Penetration of charged particles through matter
Particle dynamics in of atoms and ions in strong laser fields
Relativistic ion-atom and ion-electron collisions
Fundamental interaction processes
Scattering, absorption and energy loss
Detection methods
Particle creation
Intended learning outcomes
The Module provides insight into the basic techniques and concepts in physics related to extreme electromagnetic fields. Their relevance to nowadays applications will be discussed in addition. The Module also introduces the basic interaction processes of high-energy photon and particle beams with matter, including recent developments of high intensity radiation sources, such as free electron lasers and modern particle accelerators. Experimental methods and the related theoretical description will be reviewed in great detail.
Attosecond Laser Physics (Pfeiffer)
Content
Coherent electron dynamics in atoms and molecules
Strong field effects and ionization
High harmonic generation and phase matching
Techniques for attosecond pulse generation
Transient absorption
Attosecond quantum optics with few-level quantum models
Intended learning outcomes
The course gives an introduction into the young research field of attosecond physics. Electron dynamics in atoms and molecules on the attosecond time scale (which is the natural timescale for bound electrons) will be discussed, along with modern techniques for attosecond pulse generation and characterization.
Applied Laser Technology I (Eggeling/Cizmar)
Content
Overview over laser beam applications as a contactless and remote probe (macroscopic and microscopic, cw and ultrafast, dealing with spectroscopy, metrology, sensing, and multi-dimensional microscopy)
Fundamental concepts of related physical and physico-chemical effects
Absorption and emission of light (selection rules)
Ultrafast coherent excitation and relaxation (linear and non-linear optical processes)
Light reflection and elastic/inelastic scattering
Intended Learning Outcomes
The course covers the fundamentals and concepts of the selected laser applications and helps learning to develop own solutions for challenges in laser applications.
Since the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen in 1895, imaging has become an invaluable part of science and medicine. Today, it has become an indispensable key technology in modern (bio)medicine. In addition to the use of ionizing radiation, there are alternative imaging systems that use non-ionizing (electro)magnetic fields or mechanical waves. These include magnetic resonance imaging, which is based on the phenomenon of nuclear magnetic resonance, and ultrasound imaging. The objective of this course is to introduce the physical principles, basic characteristics and technical concepts of these imaging systems. Recent developments and applications will be presented and serve to deepen the understanding of this area of imaging science. The course is intended for master students in medical photonics, and photonics, physics, materials science, and medical or other students with strong interest in these biomedical imaging techniques.
The following topics will be covered:
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) basics
Fundamentals of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
MRI sequences and imaging applications
Fundamentals of ultrasound
Ultrasound imaging and applications
Optical coherence tomography (possibly)
Intended Learning Outcomes
To gain a critical understanding of the fundamentals and technology underlying these non-ionizing imaging systems, including instrumentation and various applications. In addition to lectures, the course includes other elements, such as short online quizzes, homework assignments, and programming assignments to solve problems by implementing algorithms in Matlab or Python, which are related to the methods described in the course. This course is independent of Biomedical imaging - ionizing radiation and does not require prior attendance of that course.
Biophotonics (Heintzmann/Ehricht)
Content
The Module provides a deep introduction into the multitude of possible linear and non-linear light biological matter interaction phenomena and thus in modern techniques and applications of frequency-, spatially-, and time-resolved bio-spectroscopy. The course presents a comprehensive overview over modern spectroscopic and optical imaging techniques including specific theoretical methodologies to analyze the experimental spectroscopic data and resolve problems in life sciences. The biological part introduces molecular and cellular properties of living organisms, explaining the basic structures and functions of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, as well as the most important biochemical substance classes and biochemical pathways where they are involved. Furthermore, basics in microbiology, especially in antimicrobial resistant bacteria, will be provided and combined with the introduction of diagnostic principles and selected infectious diseases.
Examples for molecular and serological assay and test development, basic methods for diagnostics, and epidemiology will be discussed. This sets the stage for biophotonic applications by showing several examples of how biophotonics can help to shed light on biologically and clinically relevant processes. The Module spans aspects of the scientific disciplines chemistry, physics, biology and medicine. The Exercises will be partly calculating examples and partly in the form a seminar talks of the students presenting current research publications. Intended learning outcomes.
Considering the differing learing environments and strategies, this lecture and seminar are offered in hybrid form. The initial 7 (out of 11) lectures are held in presence + live streaming (via zoom). The last four (about advanced and superresolution microscopy) will be discussed in presence + live stream. Video records of all lectures will be made available via moodle.
Intended Learning Outcomes
The aim of this course is to present modern methods in spectroscopy, microscopy and imaging dedicated to biological samples. After the course the students will be able to choose and to apply appropriate spectroscopic methods and imaging technology to resolve special biophotonic problems.
Computational Photonics (Pertsch)
Content
Introduction to the problem – Maxwell’s equations and the wave equation
Free space propagation techniques
Beam propagation methods applied to problems in integrated optics
Mode expansion techniques applied to stratified media
Mode expansion techniques applied to spherical and cylindrical objects
Multiple multipole technique
Boundary integral method
Finite-Difference Time-Domain method
Finite Element Method
Computation of the dispersion relation (band structure) of periodic media
Mode expansion techniques applied to gratings
Other grating techniques
Contemporary problems in computational photonics
Intended Learning Outcomes
The course aims at an introduction to various techniques used for computer based optical simulation. Therefore, the student should learn how to solve Maxwell’s equations in homogenous and inhomogeneous media rigorously as well as on different levels of approximation. The course concentrates predominantly on teaching numerical techniques that are useful in the field of micro- and nanooptics.
The aim of this lecture is to provide an introduction to computational methods used to model quantum mechanics problems. We will cover all aspects of the modeling process, from abstraction and representation of the wave function and exact and approximate numerical methods for solving the stationary and time-dependent Schrödinger equation to data handling and visualization of the simulation results. We will not go too deep into the subtleties of numerical methods but rather pursue a pragmatic hands-on approach guided by physical problems and how to use a high-level programming language to model them.
Control Techniques in Quantum Optical Experiments (Junker)
Content
Basic introduction to relevant concepts of electronics and control theory
Sensors and actuators in quantum optical setups
Design and control of (non-linear) cavities and generation of squeezed light
Noise sources and suppression techniques
Advanced control strategies
This course introduces students to the essential control techniques necessary for operating modern quantum optical experiments. Topics include feedback and feedforward control, sensors and actuators for photonic systems, cavity stabilisation and squeezed-light generation, and strategies for noise suppression.
Upon completion, students will understand the principles of electronic and optical control, be able to analyse stability and implement basic control loops, and possess a working knowledge of how to lock optical cavities and characterise squeezed states. They will recognise dominant noise sources in experiments and know how to mitigate them, providing a solid basis for participation in laboratory-scale quantum optics research.
Electronic Structure Theory (Rödl/Peschel)
Content
Introduction to the many-body problem
Wavefunction-based approaches for electronic structure
Density functional theory
Electronic excitations: beyond density functional theory
Intended learning outcomes
Electronic structure theory is a successful and ever-growing field, shared by theoretical physics and theoretical chemistry, that takes advantage from the increasing availability of high-performance computers. Starting only from the knowledge of the types of atoms that constitute a material (molecule, solid, nanostructure..) we will learn how to determine without further experimental input, i.e. using only the laws of quantum physics, its structural and electronic properties. The lecture will initiate the students to the state-of-the-art theoretical and computational approaches used for electronic structure calculations. In the practical classes the students will learn through tutorials to use different software for electronic structure simulations. During the last month they will realize a small independent scientific project.
Fiber Optics (M. Schmidt)
Content
Mode formation in optical fibers (analytic model and numerics)
The aim of this module (lecture + tutorial) is to provide a comprehensive overview of waveguides with special emphasis on optical fibers. The course starts with a detailed introduction to the main parameters and physical principles, such as optical modes, dispersion and pulse propagation. The lecture then focuses on relevant materials (e.g., fused silica) and continues with a discussion of light-matter interaction in the context of optical fibers. The final part of the lecture will focus on different types of optical fibers, including graded index fibers, multimode fibers, and microstructured fibers. We will also discuss challenging concepts such as light guidance in hollow core fibers. This lecture will provide students with a solid knowledge base related to fiber optics, which is essential for anyone using fibers and waveguides in science and industry.
Digital image fundamentals (Image Sensing and Acquisition, Image Sampling and Quantization)
Image Enhancement in the Spatial Domain (Basic Gray Level Transformations, Histogram Processing, Spatial Filtering)
Image Enhancement in the Frequency Domain (Introduction to the Fourier-Transform and the Frequency Domain, Frequency Domain Filtering, Homomorphic Filtering)
Color Image Processing Image Segmentation (Detection of Discontinuities, Edge Linking and Boundary Detection, Thresholding, Region-Based Segmentation)
Representation and Description Applications
Intended Learning Outcomes
The course covers the fundamentals of digital image processing. Based on this the students should be able to identify standard problems in image processing to develop individual solutions for given problems and to implement image processing algorithms for use in the experimental fields of modern optics.
Imaging Theory and Applications (Blahnik)
Content
Perspective projections in imaging
Idealized imaging model and aberrations
Physical-optical imaging model
Imaging along the digital imaging chain
Depth of field and 3D image acquisition
Photographic imaging and machine vision applications
Mobile imaging applications
Radiometric transfer
Human perception and imaging
Optical coherence theory
Partially coherent image formation
High-NA imaging including polarization
Optical lithography
Multi-spectral and Thermal imaging
Microscopy methods
Novel Imaging Technologies and Future Trends
Intented Learning Outcomes
This lecture introduces the theory of optical imaging and its applications. Methods for modelling imaging systems are presented, including analytical perspective projections, geometric-optical differentiable ray tracing-based methods and partially coherent wave optical modelling with vectorial electromagnetic fields. The lecture examines these methods in depth using modern applications such as machine vision, mobile imaging, 3D imaging techniques, thermal imaging, optical lithography, and modern microscopy.
Innovation Methods in Photonics (Kretzschmar/Gäbler/Pertsch)
Content
• Rapid prototyping technologies in photonics • Innovation management and design thinking • Hands-on/practical examples of photonics prototyping • Entrepreneurial skills and business modelling • Basics of intellectual property rights
Intended Learning Outcomes
The students will learn how the results of their scientific research can be turned into relevant innovations as an important part of their future career. On the one hand, the course will enable students to understand and to drive innovation processes in photonics companies. On the other hand, students will develop an entrepreneurial skill set for the independent economical exploitation of scientific ideas. Therefore, the course introduces the basic knowledge on innovation management, entrepreneurship, and intellectual property rights. To practice their skills, the students will also conduct their own photonics innovation project during the semester by working hands-on in small teams in the photonics makerspace Lichtwerkstatt. During this practical part, they acquire and apply a thorough knowledge of photonic rapid prototyping technologies (e.g. 3d- scanning and printing, laser cutting, microcontrollers, ...) and the most important creativity methods and project management skills. To cover this range of topics, the course will be supported by guest lecturers from different sectors (academia, industry).
The course will give a basic introduction into physics and theoretical description of integrated optical waveguides. This will include the modal description of light propagation in individual waveguides and the description of coupling between waveguide. Also, the course will introduce basic functional elements used in integrated optics, e.g. phase modulators and integrated interferometers. After active participation in the course, students will be able to understand and describe light propagation in integrated optical circuits and will have a strong foundation for studying more advanced concepts in integrated optics.
Introduction to Nanooptics (Pertsch/Staude)
Content
Surface-plasmon-polaritons
Plasmonics
Photonic crystals
Fabrication and optical characterization of nanostructures
The course provides an introduction to the broad research field of nanooptics. Students will learn about different concepts which are applied to control the emission, propagation, and absorption of light at subwavelength spatial dimensions. Furthermore, they will learn how nanostructures can be used to optically interact selectively with nanoscale matter, a capability not achievable with standard diffraction limited microscopy. After successful completion of the course the students should be capable of understanding present problems of the research field and should be able to solve basic problems using advanced literature.
Basics of ion trap physics; Paul and Penning traps; Cooling techniques, in particular laser cooling methods; Coherent manipulation of electronic and motional states; detection techniques; Application of ion traps for precision experiments: optical clocks, quantum logic spectroscopy, ion traps as a platform for quantum computing, high-resolution mass spectrometry, measurements of g-factors and magnetic moments
Intended Learning Outcomes
Understanding the concepts of Paul and Penning traps as well as the applied techniques; knowledge of the discussed precision experiments; ability to deepen knowledge independently through latest scientific literature
Laser Driven Radiation Sources (Zepf)
Content
Laser Plasma Interactions
Principles of Plasma Accelerators
Ultrafast Photon Sources
Scattering of photons from particle beams
Intended Learning Outcomes
The course introduces the basic interaction processes of high-energy lasers with plasmas and particle beams with a particular emphasis on the extremely intense sources of proton, electron and photons with pulse durations in the femtosecond regime.
Lens Design I (Blahnik)
Content
Introduction and user interface
Description and properties of optical systems
Geometrical and wave optical aberrations
Optimization
Imaging simulation
Introduction into illumination systems
Correction of simple systems
More advanced handling and correction methods
Intended Learning Outcomes
This course gives an introduction in layout, performance analysis and optimization of optical systems with the software Zemax.
Micro/Nanotechnology (Siefke)
Content
Micro- and nanooptical structures enable mankind to tailor basically all properties of light. In this course you will learn how to fabricate the required structures to shape light at your will.
This course is an introduction equally useful for theorists who want to incorporate real-world limitations into their designs and for practitioners who want to fabricate such structures themselves. The application-oriented course is focusing on the required techniques and facilities needed to fabricate micro- and nanooptics. This includes a comprehensive overview of the physical principles behind various lithography techniques, thin film coating and etching technology as well as insights into practicalities of working in clean room environments.
Intended Learning Outcomes
Specific requirements that micro- and nano-optics impose on fabrication technology
Typical structure geometries and designs used in micro- and nano-optics
Different types of coating technology
The physical principles of lithography, the key process in creating microstructures
Essential techniques of dry- and wet etching processes used in pattern transfer
Real-world applications and examples that demonstrate the possibilities of micro- and nano-optics.
The course Micro- Nano Technology offers more than knowledge - it equips you with the tools and skills to shape tomorrow's world. If you're ready to innovate and leave your mark, however microscopic, this course is your stepping stone. Let's build the future, one nano-layer at a time.
Microscopy (Heintzmann/Eggeling)
Content
Optical microscopy
Circumventing the resolution limit
Electron microscopy
Atomic force microscopy
Intended Learning Outcomes
This module provides an introduction into the fundamentals of modern light and electron microscopy.
The seminar covers the history of optics from the antiquity to the 20th century: Starting with Greek heories of vision and ending with quantum optics. A strong focus will be given on the development of concepts and experiments that influenced todays thinking about light and optics, such as wave particle dualism or the Abbe diffraction limit. An excursion the Jena’s Optical Museum is part of the seminar.
Intended Learning Outcomes
In close collaboration with the supervisor, the student will work on an independent project. The students will develop the ability to evaluate critically the arguments and analytical methods of historians. They will learn developing their own interpretations based on critical assessments of primary source evidence and independent research.
Modern Methods of Spectroscopy (Spielmann)
Content
Fundamentals of light-matter interaction
Experimental tools of spectroscopy
Laser spectroscopy
Time-resolved spectroscopy
Laser cooling
THz and X-ray spectroscopy
Photoelectron spectroscopy
Applications of laser spectroscopy in physics, chemistry, medicine
Intended Learning Outcomes
Understanding the methods of spectroscopy based on new developments in optics; impart knowledge about the design of a spectroscopic experiment; ability to independently solve spectroscopic questions.
Nano Engineering (Hoeppener/Schubert)
Content
Building with Molecules
Self-organization and self-assembled coatings
Chemically sensitive characterization methods
Nanomaterials for optical applications
Nanowires and nanoparticles
Nanomaterials in optoelectronics
Bottom-up synthesis strategies and nanolithography
Polymers and self-healing coatings
Molecular motors
Controlled polymerization techniques
Intended Learning Outcomes
A large diversity of nanomaterials can be efficiently produced by utilizing chemical synthesis strategies. The wide range of nanomaterials, i.e., nanoparticles, nanotubes, micelles, vesicles, nanostructured phase separated surface layers etc. opens on the one hand versatile possibilities to build functional systems, on the other hand also the large variety of techniques and processes to fabricate such systems is also difficult to overlook.
Traditionally the communication in the interdisciplinary field of nanotechnology is difficult, as expertise from different research areas is combined. This course aims on the creation of a common basic level for communication and knowledge of researchers of different research fields and to highlight interdisciplinary approaches which lead to new fabrication strategies. The course includes basic chemical synthesis strategies, molecular self-assembly processes, chemical surface structuring, nanofabrication and surface chemistry to create a pool of knowledge to be able to use molecular building blocks in future research projects.
Nonlinear Dynamics in Optical Systems (Peschel)
Content
• Non-Linear dynamics in optical fibers and waveguides • Solution of non-linear partial differential equations • Solitons and collapse in optical systems • Super continuum generation
Intended Learning Outcomes
Understanding the theoretical fundamentals of non-linear dynamics in optical systems the students are enabled to solve related problems.
Optical Engineering (Franke)
Content
This module provides an introduction into the fundamentals of optics and photonics which are necessary to understand optical phenomena in modern science and technology. Topics include an introduction into the theory of light (ray optics, wave optics, electromagnetic optics, photon optics), the theory of interaction of light with matter and the theory of semiconductor materials and their optical properties.
Introduction to optics
Geometrical optics: postulates of ray optics, paraxial optics, matrix approach, raytracing
Simple optical components: lenses, mirrors, stops
Wave optics: postulates of wave optics, relation between wave optics and ray optics
Optical imaging: field and pupil, magnification, lens maker’s formula, afocal systems
Photometry and illumination, color
Optical instruments
Image quality: primary aberrations, wave aberrations, correction of systems
Beam optics: the Gaussian beam, transmission of a Gaussian beam through opticalcomponents, beam shaping
Optical properties of materials: metals, ceramics, glass, polymers and composites
Electromagnetic optics: electromagnetic theory of light, dielectric media, elementaryelectromagnetic waves, absorption and dispersion
Quantitative analysis of spectra with dispersion analysis and Kramers-Kronig analysis
Intended Learning Outcomes
The students will acquire an understanding about how pre-Maxwell spectroscopic concepts and quantities like the Beer-Lambert law and absorbance are related to their wave-optics based analogues. The final goal is to be able to quantitatively understand and analyze spectra based on dispersion theory and wave optics and to bridge the gap between spectroscopy and optics.
Optical Machine Learning (Chemnitz)
Content
Fundamentals of Machine Learning
Linear Regression and Classification
Regularization & Validation
Bias-Variance Tradeoff
Statistical Optimization Methods
Population-based Optimization Algorithms
Artificial Neural Networks
Optical Implementation of KNNs
Application of Machine Learning in Optical System
Optical Implementation of Neurons and Neural Networks
Optical Ways of Data Encoding
Energy and Complexity Analysis of Optical Neural Networks
Training of Optical Neural Networks
Reservoir Computing
Intented Learning Outcomes
Fundamentals of machine learning
Practical implementation of algorithms and their applications
Knowledge of handling data sets
Knowledge of data modeling, validation and optimization
Understanding of the optical implementation of neural networks
Ability to independently deepen knowledge with the help of current scientific literature
Optical System Design Fundamentals (Blahnik)
Content
Basic technical optics
Paraxial optics
Imaging systems
Aberrations
Performance evaluation of optical systems
Correction of optical systems
Optical system classification
Special system considerations
Intended Learning Outcomes
This course covers the fundamental principles of classical optical system design, the performance assessment and the correction of aberrations. In combination of geometrical optics and physical theory the students will learn the basics to understand optical systems, which can be important for experimental work.
Optoelectronics (Soavi)
Content
Semiconductors
Optoelectronic devices
Photodiodes
Light emitting diodes
Semiconductor optical amplifier
Intended Learning Outcomes
In this course the student will learn the fundamentals of semiconductor optical devices such as photodiodes, solar cells, LEDs, laser diodes and semiconductor optical amplifiers.
Particles in Strong Electromagnetic Fields (Zepf/Rykovanov)
Content
Electrons in constant fields
Electrons in electromagnetic pulses
Radiation produced by particles in extreme motion
Radiation reaction
QED effects in strong laser fields
Intended Learning Outcomes
This course is devoted to the dynamics of charged particles in electromagnetic fields. Starting with motion of electrons in constant magnetic and electric fields, the course continues with the electron motion in electromagnetic pulses (i.e. laser pulses) of high strength (i.e. when laser pressure becomes dominant). Radiation produced by electrons in extreme motion will be calculated for several most important cases: synchrotron radiation, Thomson scattering, undulator radiation. Effects of radiation reaction on electron motion will be discussed. The last part of the course will briefly discuss the QED effects in strong laser fields: stochasticity in radiation reaction, pair production by focused laser pulses and QED cascades. Analytical framework will be complemented with the help of numerical calculations.
Particles in Ultraintense Laser Fields (Zepf/Seipt)
Content
• Electrons in constant fields • Electrons in electromagnetic pulses • Radiation produced by particles in extreme motion • Radiation reaction • QED effects in strong laser fields
Intended Learning Outcomes
This course is devoted to the dynamics of charged particles in electromagnetic fields. Starting with motion of electrons in constant magnetic and electric fields, the course continues with the electron motion in electromagnetic pulses (i.e. laser pulses) of high strength (i.e. when laser pressure becomes dominant). Radiation produced by electrons in extreme motion will be calculated for several most important cases: synchrotron radiation, Thomson scattering, undulator radiation. Effects of radiation reaction on electronmotion will be discussed. The last part of the course will briefly discuss the QED effects in strong laserfields: stochasticity in radiation reaction, pair production by focused laser pulses and QED cascades. Analytical framework will be complemented with the help of numerical calculations.
Physics of Extreme Electromagnetic Fields (Stöhlker)
Content
Strong field effects on the atomic structure
Relativistic and QED effects on the structure of heavy ions
X-ray spectroscopy of high-Z ions
Application in x-ray astronomy
Penetration of charged particles through matter
Particle dynamics in of atoms and ions in strong laser fields
Relativistic ion-atom and ion-electron collisions
Fundamental interaction processes
Scattering, absorption and energy loss
Detection methods
Particle creation
Intended Learning Outcomes
The Module provides insight into the basic techniques and concepts in physics related to extreme electromagnetic fields. Their relevance to nowadays applications will be discussed in addition. The Module also introduces the basic interaction processes of high-energy photon and particle beams with matter, including recent developments of high intensity radiation sources, such as free electron lasers and modern particle accelerators. Experimental methods and the related theoretical description will be reviewed in great detail.
Physics of Free Electron Laser (Paulus)
Content
Physical foundations of X-ray lasers
Undulators
FEL differential equation
Instrumentation
Selected applications
Intended learning outcomes
The student understands the physical foundations, instrumentation, and selected applications of FELs. Acquisition of the competence to judge the applicapility and significance of FELs to address problems in X-ray physics.
Physics of Photovoltaics (Paulus)
Content
Pertinent elements of thermodynamics and statistical mechanics (diffusion, Boltzmann factor, free energy)
Fundamental concepts of solid state physics
Semiconductors and pn-junction
Diode equation
Shockley-Queisser limit
Design criteria for solar cells
Intended Learning Outcomes
Profound understanding of the physics underlying the performance of solar cells
Development of an understanding of the role of photovoltaics for covering the energy demand of modern societies.
Capability to solve complex problems pertinent to solar cells
Plasma Physics (Kaluza)
Content
Fundamentals of plasma physics
Single particle and fluid description of plasmas
Waves in plasmas
Interaction of electromagnetic radiation with plasmas
This course offers an introduction to the fundamental effects and processes relevant for the physics of ionized matter. After actively participating in this course, the students will be familiar with the fundamental physical concepts of plasma physics, especially concerning astrophysical phenomena but also with questions concerning the energy production based on nuclear fusion in magnetically or inertially confined plasmas.
After active participation in the course, the students will be familiar with the basic concepts of quantum computation and the implementation of quantum algorithms. They will be able to apply their knowledge in the assessment and creation of quantum algorithms and the development of quantum information systems.
The intended learning outcome is to introduce the students to the basic usage of quantum bits for information processing. To provide further insight, the course will expand this concept on multipartite systems and introduce the concept of entanglement.
In a further step we shall see how individual quantum operations tie together to create algorithms. Important algorithms, such as the quantum Fourier transformation, the algorithms of Shor and Grover will be discussed. To relate the abstract knowledge on quantum algorithms to practical applications, real-world implementations of quantum computers will be discussed.
Non-classical states of light and their statistics
Experiments in quantum optics
Semi-classical and fully quantized light-matter interaction
Non-linear optics
Intended Learning Outcomes
The course will give a basic introduction into the theoretical description of quantized light and quantized light-matter interaction. The derived formalism is then used to examine the properties of quantized light and to understand a number of peculiar quantum optical effects. After active participation in the course, the students will be familiar with the basic concepts and phenomena of quantum optics and will be able to apply the derived formalism to other problems.
Renewable Energies (Paulus)
Content
Basics of energy supply in Germany
Potential of renewable energies
Principles of the energy balance of planets
Thermodynamics of the atmosphere
Physics of wind energy systems
Elements of solar power generation
Intended Learning Outcomes
Teaching of knowledge on the fundamentals of renewable energies. Development of skills for the independent evaluation of different types of renewable energies.
Semiconductor Nanomaterials (Staude)
Content
Review of fundamentals of semiconductors
Optical and optoelectronic properties of semiconductors
Effects of quantum confinement
Photonic effects in semiconductor nanomaterials
Physical implementations of semiconductor nanomaterials, including epitaxial structures, semiconductor quantum dots and quantum wires
Advanced topics of current research, including 2D semiconductors and hybrid nanosystems
Intended Learning Outcomes
This course aims to convey a fundamental understanding of the physics governing the optical and optoelectronic properties of semiconductor nanomaterials. First, the fundamental optical and optoelectronic properties of bulk semiconductors are reviewed, deepening and extending previously obtained knowledge in condensed matter physics. The students will then learn about the effects of quantum confinement in semiconductor systems in one, two or three spatial dimensions, as well as about photonic effects in nanostructured semiconductors. Finally, several relevant examples of semiconductor nanomaterial systems and their applications in photonics are discussed in detail. After successful completion of the course, the students should be capable of understanding present research directions and of solving basic problems within this field of research.
Strong-field Laser Physics (Paulus)
Content
Characteristic quantities in attosecond laser physics
Theoretical description of strong-field electron dynamics
Recollision as a fundamental process in strong-field and
Attosecond laser physics
Generation and measurement of attosecond pulses
Intended Learning Outcomes
Knowledge of the fundamentals of high-field laser physics and attosecond laser physics based on it. Development of skills for the independent treatment of questions of these fields.
Solid State Optics (Krüger/8 CP)
Content
• Introduction to ultrafast optics; • Fundamentals; • Ultrashort pulse generation; • Amplification of ultrashort pulses; • Measurement of ultrashort pulses; • Applications; • Generation of attosecond pulses.
Intended Learning Outcomes
The aim of this course is to provide a detailed understanding of ultrashort laser pulses, their mathematical description as well as their application. The students will learn how to generate, characterize and use ultrashort laser pulses. Special topics will be covered during the seminars
P.S: this course would grant the students 8 credits when succeeded and completed, rather than 4 credits unlike the other courses under the same category.
Theory of Nonlinear Optics (Peschel)
Content
Types and symmetries of non-linear polarization
Coupling between optical fields and nonlinear matter
Solutions of non-linear evolution equations
Frequency conversion in crystals with quadratic nonlinearity
Intended Learning Outcomes
The course provides the theoretical background to understand nonlinear optics.
Topics of Current Research 1: Theory of Excitations in Materials (Cocchi)
Content
Advanced topics of current research in optics and photonics
Intended Learning Outcomes
• Introduction into a field of current ressearch as a basis for further study and research in this field • Independent solution of Exercise problems • Ability to acquire further knowledge by independent literature studies
Topics of Current Research 2: Aberration Theory
Content
Advanced topics of current research in optics and photonics
Intended Learning Outcomes
Introduction into a field of current ressearch as a basis for further study and research in this field
Independent solution of exercise problems
Ability to acquire further knowledge by independent literature studies
Ultrafast Fiber Laser: Technology and Applications (Schmidt/Chernysheva)
Content
• Review of fundamentals of ultrafast fibre lasers (mode-locking and Q- switching • Engineering of fibre laser cavities • Ultrashort pulse characterization (autocorrelatioon, FROG,dispersive Fourier transformation, etc.) • Extreme phenomena, exploration of new wavelength rangesand other latest technology advancements in ultrafast fibrelaser development • Detailed overview of the ultrafast laser applications in industry,sensing, and medicine (diagnostics and treatment)
Intended Learning Outcomes
The aim of the course is to deliver a comprehensive understanding on applied ultrafast laser technology, provide a comparison of solid- state, semiconductor and fibre systems with the focus on the latter, and introduce their modern industrial applications and various research areas. The course, first, will shortly review the basics of fibre optics, rare-earth ion spectroscopy, materials for saturable absorbers and fast modulation techniques, and a variety of operational regimes. The first part of the course will be summarized in pathways towards expected further advancements in the field, covering new research trends, expansion of operation wavelength and operational modalities along with the comparison to existing ultrafast laser technologies. The second and the largest part of the course will be dedicated to the discussion of the existing and emerging applications of ultrafast fibre lasers, including analysis of the corresponding performance requirements and technological goals for a specific application. Starting with high-power industrial applications for material processing, the course will discuss strategies for a further expansion of the ultrafast fibre laser systems towards a more diverse range of applications. These include diagnostics and treatment in medicine, neuroscience field and especially optogenetics, scientific applications for nuclear physics, sensing, metrology and security applications. As the result, students will receive a detailed overview of the road map of the ultrafast fibre laser technology development with further perspectives to employ the knowledge and prospects in their future careers. This will be strengthen during accompanying seminars on latest reported advancements and exercises with practical examples of laser systems.
XUV and X-RAY Optics (Kartashov/Spielmann)
Content
Complex refractive index in the XUV and X-ray range
Refractive and grazing incidence optics
Zone plate optics
Thomson and Compton scattering
X-ray diffraction by crystals and synthetic multilayers
VUV and X-ray optics for plasma diagnostics
Time-resolved X-ray diffraction
EUV lithography
Intended Learning Outcomes
This course covers the fundamentals of modern optics at short wavelengths as they are necessary for the design of EUV and X-ray optical elements. Based on this the students will learn essentials of several challenging applications of short-wavelength optics, being actual in modern science and technology.
Research module (10 credits)
Internship (10 credits)
Module Components
Practical course of 300 h. Depending on the topic this total workload should be distributed approximately as: 50 h introduction to the research topic (study of relevant literature, …), 190 h research work (in the lab for experimental topics and atcomputer etc. for theoretical topics), 50 h preparation of the final report, and 10 h preparation and carrying out presentation of the results
Intended Learning Outcomes
Carrying out scientific labwork in photonics together with a research team; preparation of a written scientific report; presentation and defense of the results in an oral presentation.
3RD SEMESTER, ON-CAMPUS: Specialization II and Research
Dr. Kim Lammers in the ultrafast optics lab.
Image: Jan-Peter Kasper (University of Jena)
Specialization II (3 courses of 4 credits each = 12 credits)
2D Materials (Soavi)
Content
• Graphene: electrical and optical properties. Applications in electronic and optoelectronic. • Semiconducting 2D materials: Coulomb screening and the concept of excitons. Optical spectroscopy of excitons. Optoelectronic applications. • Heterostructures: electron and exciton interactions in layered heterostructures
Intended Learning Outcomes
• Mastering the basics and methods of two-dimensional materials • Ability to work independently on problems in the field of two- dimensional materials
Active Photonic Devices (M. Schmidt)
Content
Introduction
Electro-optical modulation
Optomechanics in photonics
Acousto-optical devices
Magneto-optics and optical isolation
Integrated lasers
Non-Linear devices for light generation
Bistability in photonics
Spatial light modulation
Intended Learning Outcomes
The aim of this module (lecture + exercise) is to give a comprehensive overview about active photonic devices such as switches or modulators. The course starts by a crisp introduction to the most important parameters and physical principles. The lecture will then focus onto real-world devices including the areas of electro-optics, waveguides, acousto-optics, magneto-optics and nonlinear optics. During this lecture we will discuss the fundamental principles as well as devices currently employed in photonics. This lecture will provide the students a base for their master thesis.
Advanced Quantum Information (Steinlechner/Setzpfandt/Gärttner)
Content
Hardware for quantum information processing • superconducting qubits, gates, control, manipulation, readout • light-matter interaction • semiconductor qubits (quantum dots, defects) • atoms / quantum Gases • foundations of quantum sensing (sensitivity, noise, standard quantum limit) • Optomechanics Concepts of quantum information processing • decoherence • quantum error correction • many-body entanglement advanced concepts
Intended Learning Outcomes
Knowledge of all eminent concepts for implementing quantum- information systems. Understanding advanced concepts that enable treatment of non-ideal quantum systems.
Advanced Optical Design (Blahnik)
Content
• Paraxial imaging; • Basics of optical systems; • Eikonal theory; • Geometrical aberrations, representations, expansion; • Detailed discussion of primary aberrations; • Sine condition, isoplanatism, afocal cases; • Wave aberrations and Zernike representation; • Miscellaneous aspects of aberration theory.
Intended Learning Outcomes
This course covers the fundamental principles of classical optical imaging and aberration theory of optical systems.
Applied Laser Technology II (Eggeling/Cizmár)
Content
Applied Laser Technology using the laser as a tool
Microscopic and macroscopic light-materials-interactions,
Material preparation and modification (with the exception of classical laser materials' processing)
Intended Learning Outcomes
In various selected topics out of the broad field of laser applications, the students should acquire knowledge of laser-material interactions (e.g. atom cooling and optical tweezer), laser induced processes in gases, liquids, and matrices (incl. laser isotope separation), materials' preparation and structuring by ablation, deposition and/or modification.
Atomic physics at high field strengths - Interaction of high-energy radiation with matter (Stöhlker)
Content
The applications of modern particle accelerators range from research into the fundamental building blocks and forces of nature to their use in biology and medicine. In this context, high-intensity lasers are becoming increasingly important for generating high-energy particles and serving as intense radiation sources.
The thematic focus of the lecture centers on the physical processes and accompanying phenomena that occur during the interaction of high-energy particles with matter. The following topics, for example, will be covered:
Since the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen in 1895, imaging has become an invaluable part of science and medicine. Indeed, it is indispensable in modern (bio)medicine. Standard imaging techniques using ionizing radiation include classical X-ray projection imaging and computed tomography (CT), first introduced in the 1970s, as well as imaging techniques using radioactive tracer molecules. The objective of this course is to introduce the physical principles, basic characteristics and technical concepts of these imaging systems. Recent developments and applications will be presented and serve to deepen the understanding of this area of imaging science. The course is intended for master students in medical photonics, and photonics, physics, materials science, and medical or other students with strong interest in these biomedical imaging techniques.
The following topics will be covered:
Fundamentals of x-ray physics
Medical x-ray technology
Image quality
Imaging applications
Computed tomography (CT)
Nuclear medical imaging
Radiation therapy fundamentals (possibly)
Intended Learning Outcomes
To gain a critical understanding of the fundamentals and technology underlying these imaging systems, including instrumentation and various applications. In addition to lectures, the course includes other elements, such as short online quizzes, homework assignments, and programming assignments to solve problems by implementing algorithms in Matlab or Python, which are related to the methods described in the course. This course is independent of Biomedical Imaging - non-ionizing radiation and does not require prior attendance of that course.
Computational Imaging (Lötgering/Heintzmann)
Content
Review: Linear Algebra, Calculus, Python
Optimization part 1: Continuous (Euler Lagrange) and Discrete (multivariate calculus)
Parameter estimation: Fisher information and Cramer Rao lower bound
Programming lab: Coded aperture imaging, resolution assessment, edge responses, modulation transfer function, Fourier ring correlation
Neural networks part 1: Image classification
Neural networks part 2: Image regression
Programming lab: digit recognition, counting red blood cells
Intended Learning Outcomes
Understanding the interplay between forward and inverse modeling in optical systems. Hands-on programming skills.
Nonlinear Optics (Paulus)
Content
Propagation of light in crystals
Properties of the non-linear susceptibility tensor
Description of light propagation in non-linear media
Parametric effects
Second harmonic generation
Phase-matching
Propagation of ultrashort pulses
High-harmonic generation
Solitons
Intended Learning Outcomes
This course gives an introduction to optics in non-linear media and discusses the main non-linear effects.
Fundamentals of Quantum Information (Steinlechner/Setzpfandt/Gärttner)
Content
Concepts of quantum information processing • introduction to fundamental concepts and the basic formalism • entanglement • application examples • entanglement characterization Hardware for quantum information processing • brief review of key physical concepts and applications • basic hardware requirements for information processing optical qubits, gates
Intended Learning Outcomes
Understanding of fundamental properties of quantum states, their applications and how to characterize them. Knowledge about basic hardware requirements for quantum information processing and example implementations
P.S: This course would grant the student 8 credits when succeeded and completed, rather than 4 credits like the other courses under the same category.
Graphene: Electronic and Optical Properties (Soavi)
Content
Band structure of graphene and the Dirac Hamiltonian 1.1 Crystals in 2D 1.2 Tight binding of single layer graphene 1.3 Graphene field effect devices 1.4 Dirac equation
Dirac fermions and relativistic physics 2.1 Anomalous Quantum Hall Effect 2.2 Klein Tunneling 2.3 Effective mass and massless fermions
Optical properties 3.1 Phonons and Raman characterization 3.2 Absorption and visibility
Intended Learning Outcomes
We will first derive and study the basic electronic properties of graphene, including the linear electronic band dispersion (Dirac cone) and the ambipolar field effect. Subsequently we will discuss the pioneering experiments (years 2004-2010) that demonstrated the analogy between electrons in graphene and relativistic particles. Finally, we will examine the most relevant linear optical properties (Raman and absorption) of single layer graphene, and how to use them for optical characterization.
The students understand the principles of high-intensity laser technology and its key components are familiar with laser-plasma interactions and their physical foundations can analyze laser-driven particle acceleration and its applications in science and technology
Image Processing (Denzler)
Content
Digital image fundamentals (Image Sensing and Acquisition, Image Sampling and Quantization)
Image Enhancement in the Spatial Domain (Basic Gray Level Transformations, Histogram Processing, Spatial Filtering)
Image Enhancement in the Frequency Domain (Introduction to the Fourier-Transform and the Frequency Domain, Frequency Domain Filtering, Homomorphic Filtering)
Color Image Processing Image Segmentation (Detection of Discontinuities, Edge Linking and Boundary Detection, Thresholding, Region-Based Segmentation)
Representation and Description Applications
Intended Learning Outcomes
The course covers the fundamentals of digital image processing. Based on this the students should be able to identify standard problems in image processing to develop individual solutions for given problems and to implement image processing algorithms for use in the experimental fields of modern optics.
Image Processing in Microscopy (Heintzmann)
Content
We will show different methodologies to extract specific information such as for example the average speed of diffusing particles or the locations and areas of cells from the multidimensional image data. Also fitting quantitative models to extracted data will be treated. Simulation of far-field intensity distribution by using simple Fourier-space based approaches is treated with and without considering the vectorial nature of the oscillating electro-magnetic field.
Intended Learning Outcomes
Current microscopy often acquires a large amount of image data from which the biological or clinical researcher often needs to answer very specific questions.A major topic is the reconstruction of the sample from the acquired, often complex, microscopy data. To solve such inverse problems, a good model of the data acquisition process is required, ranging from assumptions about the sample (e.g. a positive concentration of molecules per voxel), assumptions about the imaging process (e.g. the existence of an incoherent spatially invariant point spread function) to modeling the noise characteristics of the detection process (e.g. read noise and photon noise).
Laser Driven Radiation Sources (Zepf)
Content
Laser Plasma Interactions
Principles of Plasma Accelerators
Ultrafast Photon Sources
Scattering of photons from particle beams
Laser Engineering (Kaluza)
Content
Origin and dependencies of absorption and emission cross sections
Ytterbium based laser media
Design of laser diode pump engines,
Special topics in geometrical optics for amplifier design
Basic calculations for layout of diode pumped high energy amplifiers
Ytterbium based laser materials and cryogenic cooling
Limitations and special topics (laser induced damage threshold [LIDT], amplified spontaneous emission [ASE]… )
Intended Learning Outcomes
This is an application oriented course focusing on topics needed for development and design of diode pumped high energy class laser systems. Besides general topics the main part of this lecture is dedicated to ytterbium based laser systems. Besides basic knowledge like the spectral properties of laser materials and their significance for a laser system, further key topics like laser induced damage thresholds, laser diode pump engines, modeling of amplification and amplified spontaneous emission will be discussed.
Lens Design II (Blahnik)
Content
Paraxial imaging and basic properties of optical systems
Initial systems and structural modifications
Chromatical correction
Aspheres and freeform surfaces
Optimization strategy and constraints
Special correction features and methods
Tolerancing and adjustment
Intended learning outcomes
This course covers the advanced principles of the development of optical systems and enables the students to solve advanced problems of optical system design.
Light Microscopy (Heintzmann)
Content
Starting from geometrical optics the imaging system will be described and optical aberrations will be discussed. Moving on to wave optics monochromatic waves will be taken as the basis for the description of coherent imaging. Combined with scattering theory in the 1st Born approximation a fundamental understanding of the possibilities and limitations in imaging is gained. The concept of the amplitude transfer function and McCutchens 3-dimensional pupil function are introduced. On this basis various coherent imaging modes are discussed including holographic approaches and their limitations, and optical coherent tomography. The working principles of light-detectors are discussed and the requirements for appropriate sampling of images. Finally various modes of fluorescence microscopy and high-resolution microscopy will be covered. The exercises will be calculating examples, also involving hands-on computer based modeling using Matlab and other tools.
Intended Learning Outcomes
Understanding of the working principles of modern light microscopes and microscopic methods ranging from standard methods to modern superresolution techniques.
Machine Learning for Quantum Science (Gu)
Content
Artificial intelligence has become as a powerful tool in quantum science, enabling researchers to simulate complex systems, optimize experimental procedures, and discover new ideas and experiments. This course introduces the principles and practice of applying artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) techniques to quantum physics, providing students with both theoretical foundations and hands- on computational skills. Topics include: • Basic AI/ML techniques for physicists • Differentiable programming • Generative models and reinforcement learning • Quantum circuit optimization and design • Quantum parameter estimation and measurement strategies • Quantum experiments design and discovery • Interpretable AI in quantum physics
Intended Learning Outcomes
This course introduces and deepens students' understanding of artificial intelligence techniques applied to quantum information science. By actively participating in this course, students will: • Develop both theoretical understanding and practical skills at the intersection of quantum science and artificial intelligence. • Understand how artificial intelligence and machine learning can address challenges in quantum physics, such as quantum state estimation and experimental design. • Gain hands-on experience implementing AI/ML methods in Python (using frameworks like PyTorch and JAX). • Engage with current research literature to identify open questions and design AI systems for quantum tasks.
Nanoscale Imaging with XUV and X-Ray Light (Spielmann/Kartashov)
Content
Complex refractive index in the XUV and X-ray range;
Refractive and grazing incidence optics;
Zone plate optics;
Thomson and Compton scattering;
X-ray diffraction by crystals and synthetic multilayers;
VUV and X-ray optics for plasma diagnostics;
Time-resolved X-ray diffraction;
EUV lithography
XUV- and X-ray microscopy
Intended Learning Outcomes
This course covers the fundamentals of modern optics at short wavelengths as they are necessary for the design of EUV and X-ray optical elements. Based on this the students will learn essentials of several chalenging applications of short-wavelength optics, being actual in modern science and technology, including XUV- and X-ray microscopy.
Introduction to AI, machine learning, neuromorphic computing and analog computing.
Comprehensive overview of neuromorphic photonics field background and historical development.
Review of the recent developments in photonic neuromorphic models, photonic platforms and accelerators for neuromorphic computing.
Discuss fields and applications that can leverage on these new platforms.
Analyze the current challenges faced in advancing the field and the emerging directions in neuromorphic photonic and AI applied to photonic problems, such as AI photonic chips, quantum neural networks, 3D optical neural networks etc.
The tutorials will focus on design and training of diffractive neural networks and photonic integrated neural network.
Intended Learning Outcomes
Fundamentals of neurological structures and neuromorphic models in machine learning and deep learning.
Knowledge of the historical and most recent developments of the neuromorphic photonics filed.
Understanding of the applications of neuromorphic photonic technologies and the emerging directions in the field.
Practical implementation of diffractive neural network design and training.
Practical implementation of integrated photonic neural networks with cascades of Mach-Zehnder interferometers.
Capacity to analyze scientific articles, expand understanding through contemporary research, and effectively present project work.
Nonlinear Dynamics in Optical Waveguides (Chemnitz)
Content
Nonlinear Dynamics in Optical Waveguides play a critical role in many fields of modern optical technology and science, such as laser engineering, integrated photonics, and optical signal processing. The lecture lays the foundation to understand the breadth of this field, focusing on the fundamental role of the Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation (NLS) and its nontrivial solutions in the first half, and then moving on to explore the major nonlinear effects observed in optical waveguides.
Optical Properties of Solids in External Fields II (Krüger)
Content
Magnetooptical materials
Electrooptical materials
Topological materials
Molecular materials
Exercises will be hands-on training of modeling optical properties in solids using ellipsometry software.
Physical Optics (Franke)
Content
Foundations of physical optics: Maxwell’s equations, wave equation, complex fields, plane and spherical wave propagation
Diffraction theory and imaging limits: Huygens principle, Kirchhoff, Fresnel and Fraunhofer diffraction, slit and grating diffraction, point spread function (PSF), diffraction-limited resolution
Optical imaging systems: aberrations, quantification of aberrations, optical transfer function (OTF), resolution and image quality criteria
Fourier optics: spatial frequency representation, image formation, convolution, PSF–OTF relations
Coherence and interference: temporal and spatial coherence, interferometry, speckle phenomena, optical coherence tomography (OCT) Advanced imaging concepts: diffraction-limited sensing, superresolution microscopy, PSF engineering, extended depth of focus, structured illumination and multimodal imaging approaches
Polarization optics: polarization states, Jones vectors and matrices, birefringent and polarization-selective optical elements Photon optics: wave–particle duality, uncertainty relations, photon statistics
Laser physics: laser principles, resonators, laser beams and pulses, applications in optical measurements
Nonlinear optics: fundamentals of nonlinear light–matter interaction, Raman scattering and nonlinear Raman microscopy
Scattering theory: surface and volume scattering, light propagation in complex media, tissue optics
Applications of scattering: optical metrology and measurement techniques
Optical components and systems: coatings, dichroic elements, optical filters, and selected advanced topics
Intended Learning Outcomes
Explain and apply the fundamental concepts of physical optics beyond geometrical optics, based on wave and field descriptions of light
Analyze diffraction, interference, coherence, and polarization effects in optical systems using appropriate mathematical formalisms
Describe and evaluate the resolution, aberrations, and image quality of optical imaging systems using PSF- and OTF-based criteria
Apply Fourier-optical concepts to image formation, signal transfer, and resolution analysis
Understand and critically assess advanced optical imaging techniques, including super-resolution microscopy, PSF engineering, and structured illumination methods
Explain the physical principles of lasers, nonlinear optical processes, and light scattering in matter, and relate them to practical measurement and imaging applications
Solve quantitative problems in physical optics and transfer theoretical concepts to experimental and applied optical scenarios
Present and discuss specialized topics in physical optics in a scientifically sound and structured manner
Physics of Ultrafast Optical Discharge and Filamentation (Spielmann/Kartashov)
In a selected number of topics out of the broad field of high power laser matter interactions the students should acquire knowledge of ionization, plasma kinetics, filamentation and applications in spectroscopy metrology and atmospheric science.
Quantum Communication (Steinlechner/Eilenberger/Tünnermann)
Content
Basic introduction to quantum optics
Quantum light sources
Encoding, transmission and detection of information with quantum light
Quantum communication and cryptography
Quantum communication networks
Outlook on Quantum metrology and Quantum imaging
Intended Learning Outcomes
The course will give a basic introduction into the usage of quantum states of light for the exchange of information. It will introduce contemporary methods for the generation of quantum light and schemes that leverage these states for the exchange of information, ranging from fundamental concepts and experiments to state of the art implementations for secure communication networks. The course will also give an outlook to aspects of Quantum metrology and imaging.
After active participation in the course, the students will be familiar with the basic concepts and phenomena of quantum information exchange and some aspects related to the practical implementation thereof. They will be able to apply their knowledge in the assessment and setup of experiments and devices for applications of quantum information processing.
Quantum Imaging and Sensing (Setzpfandt)
Content
Basic introduction to relevant concepts of quantum optics
The generation of photon pairs
Fundamentals of two-photon interference
Applications of two-photon interference
Optical quantum metrology
Ghost Imaging
Quantum microscopy
Intended Learning Outcomes
The course will give a basic introduction into the usage of quantum light, in particular photon pairs, for imaging and sensing. To this end, many basic concepts and applications will be introduced and discussed. Furthermore, students will learn how to mathematically describe quantum sensing schemes in order to understand and predict their properties. After active participation in the course, the students will be familiar with the basic concepts and phenomena of quantum imaging and sensing and will be able to apply the derived formalism to similar problems.
Quantum Information Theory (Gärttner/Sondenheimer)
Content
Basic introduction to quantum optics
Quantum light sources
Encoding
Transmission and detection of information with quantum light
Quantum communication and cryptography
Quantum communication networks
Outlook on Quantum metrology and Quantum imaging
Contributed lectures by Dr. Sondenheimer
Open quantum systems, Density matrix formalism, Generalized measurements, Quantum channels
Superdense coding, quantum teleportation
Entanglement theory
Bell inequalities, CHSH inequalities
Quantum circuits, universal gates
Quantum error correction
Structured Light and Wavefront Shaping (Cizmár)
Content
Light can be structured to carry complex patterns in intensity, phase, polarization, time, and even frequency. The ability to ”sculpt” light is transforming science and technology, enabling applications from high- resolution microscopy to quantum communication. Devices, such as Spatial Light Modulators and Digital Micromirror Devices, now enable dynamic beam shaping into exotic optical structures. Further, they offer ways to beat optical aberrations of real-life optical systems as well as the scrambling of light by optically complex media, such as diffusers and biological tissues. The prospect can make use of intriguing properties of light such as the orbital angular momentum, opening new horizons in microscopy, optical tweezers, quantum information, and high-capacity data links. Further, a primitive multimode optical fibre can, with the technology, be turned into hair-thin endoscope exploring previously inaccessible locations within the living brain.
Intended Learning Outcomes
Students will acquire the competence to independently generate, control, and apply structured light in practical contexts. By combining theoretical foundations with live demonstrations and hands-on experiments, they will develop the ability to purposefully use these technologies in research and industry, as well as to critically assess their potential.
Theoretische Atomphysik (Fritzsche)
Inhalte
Überblick zu den Einelektronenatomen
Modelle unabhängiger Elektronen
Hartree-Fock-Theorie
Schalen- und Termstruktur von Atomen
Wechselwirkung mit dem Strahlungsfeld
Korrelierte Vielteilchenmethoden
Bethe-Bloch
Potentialstreuung, atomare Stoßprozesse
Grundlagen der Dichtematrixtheorie
Lern- und Qualifikationsziele
Vermittlung der Grundlagen der Atomstruktur und atomarer Stoßprozesse.
Thin Film Optics (Tünnermann/Stenzel)
Content
Basic dispersion models in thin film optics
Optical properties of material mixtures
Interfaces: Fresnels equations
Multiple internal reflections in layered systems
Optical spectra of single thin films
Wave propagation in stratified media
Matrix formalism
Multilayer systems: Quarterwave-stacks and derived systems
Coatings for the extreme ultraviolet spectral range (excursion to the OptixFab GmbH company planned)
Remarks on coating design
Intended Learning Outcomes
This course is of use for anyone who needs to learn how optical thin films and coatings are used to tailor the optical properties of surfaces. After an introduction about the theoretical fundamentals of optical coatings the student should learn how to calculate the optical properties of uncoated and coated surfaces for use in characterization and design tasks. Based on this, typical design concepts and applications will be presented.
Topics of Current Research 3: AI for Quantum Physics
Content
Advanced topics of current research in optics and photonics
Intended Learning Outcomes
Introduction into a field of current research as a basis for further study and research in this field;
Independent solution of exercise problems;
Ability to acquire further knowledge by independent literature studies.
Topic of Current Research 4: Introduction to Modern X-Ray Science
Content
Advanced topics of current research in optics and photonics.
Intended Learning Outcomes
Introduction into a field of current research as a basis for further study and research in this field;
Independent solution of exercise problems;
Ability to acquire further knowledge by independent literature studies.
Ultrafast Optics (Nolte/Alberucci)
Content
Introduction to ultrafast optics
Fundamentals
Ultrashort pulse generation
Amplification of ultrashort pulses
Measurement of ultrashort pulses
Applications
Generation of attosecond pulses
Intended Learning Outcomes
The aim of this course is to provide a detailed understanding of ultrashort laser pulses, their mathematical description as well as their application. The students will learn how to generate, characterize and use ultrashort laser pulses. Special topics will be covered during the seminars.
Research module (18 credits)
Research lab (18 credits)
Module Components
Practical course with a total workload of 540 h. Depending on the topic this total workload should be distributed approximately as: 150 h introduction to the research topic (study of relevant literature, …), 270 h research work (in the lab for experimental topics and at computer etc. for theoretical topics), 100 h preparation of the final report, and 20 h preparation and carrying out presentation of the results.
Intended learning outcomes
Carrying out scientific labwork in optics together with a research team; preparation of a scientific report; presentation of the results in a written report.
Requirements for awarding credits
Written report (approximately 20-30 pages)
Final presentation (15-25 minutes) with subsequent discussion
4TH SEMESTER, ON-CAMPUS: Master's degree thesis
Photo-emission electron microscopy lab.
Image: Jan-Peter Kasper (University of Jena)
Research module (30 credits)
Master's degree thesis (30 credits)
Content
Total workload of 900 h. Depending on the topic this total workload should be distributed approximately as: 225 h introduction to the research topic (study of relevant literature, …), 450 h research work (in the lab for experimental topics and at computer etc. for theoretical topics), 200 h preparation of the final report, and 25 h preparation and carrying out presentation of the results. Internship in a research laboratory.
Intended Learning Outcomes
Carrying out advanced scientific labwork in optics together with a research team; preparation of the work flow and analysis of the results; preparation of a scientific report; presentation of the results in a Master’s Thesis and presentation.
Requirements for awarding credits
The mark consists of a written report – Master's Thesis (66%) -- and a presentation (33%).
Additional information
The Master's Thesis should contain approximately 40-60 pages.
The results of the Master’s Thesis are presented by the candidate in a 20-30 minute talk, and then discussed.
The final grade is determined according to the Rules of Examination (in German: ”Prüfungsordnung”).
